A Loyalist And His Life Essays - Free Essays, Term Papers

A Loyalist And His Life Essays - Free Essays, Term Papers A Loyalist And His Life The called me M.J., that represented Michael Jones. It was the early piece of April in 1760 when I withdrew an English port and headed over the waters for the North American provinces where I wanted to settle, start a family, and start what I would have liked to be an extremely prosperous life. It was the mid year if 1760 when I planted my feet and my heart in Boston alongside a few dark slaves that I bought when I showed up here. I brought a weighty 10,000 British pounds in my handbag, which was as long as I can remember investment funds. I was twenty-two years of age, turning twenty-three in the fall. I had heard such a large number of great things about this spot and I was unable to stand by to arrive. At the point when I originally showed up here, as a result of my better fortune it was simple for me to turn into a landowner and the proprietor of a little however fruitful ranch. I bought a fair size real estate parcel and started to manufacture a helpful family and life. It was not well before things started to get ugly. Parliament started to toss repetitive Acts and Policies at the American provinces. For instance, the Tea Act which put burdens on all British tea and the Stamp Act which set charges on every authoritative report, for example, marriage licenses, wills, and even letter. The Sugar Act set expenses in all sugar, wine, cloth, and silk. It was starting to be crazy. It was then that a persistent patter started. Act...Protest...Repeal...Peace. Everybody appeared to endure that however with each strike by Parliament the others in the settlements turned out to be increasingly irate and loved picking up autonomy structure Great Britain without a doubt. As I would like to think the possibility of autonomy was not really an awful one but rather I felt that it was important to stay faithful to the British crown. I for one decided to cling to the British reason during the upset. Those of us who stayed faithful to England wore the title of Loyalists and the individuals who decided to turn their backs were alluded to as Rebels or Patriots. The nationalists alluded to us followers as Tories, which was a defamatory epithet that they jumped at the chance to utilize. Despite the fact that followers were found in all classes and occupations, from every single distinctive social status most of us were ranchers like craftsmans, businesspeople, and myself. Most well off businesspeople likewise decided to stay faithful to England as did Anglican clergymen, particularly in Puritan New England (Ward 264). A few of us were even dark, these were slaves who the British guaranteed opportunity yet never stayed faithful to their commitment. Some were Indians, some contracted workers, and a few followers were German settlers however simply because George III was of German starting point (VanDoren 119). The quantity of followers in every province changed. John Adams assessed that 33% of the colonials were followers. Us Loyalists were most grounde d in the far southern settlements like Georgia and Virginia, in the center Atlantic provinces, and particularly in New York and Pennsylvania. We comprised the dominant part in certain provinces yet an extremely enormous minority in all the states all in all. It was not well before a very Thomas Paines Common Sense handout hit the provinces like lightning. At the point when his words and musings were dispersed about the states major trouble come to the surface. His work was very straightforward yet just he impelling the pilgrims expected to face the British crown. He enlightened everybody precisely how he felt concerning the circumstance of the homesteaders. He accept that England reserved no privilege to oversee the American states, for England was nevertheless a small amount of the size of America, and not every person who has settled here has and England better than average. Consequently, for what reason should everybody here stay faithful to one such nation as England? He really accepted that America would be better of without the entire government framework. I recollect the very day when one of his handouts advanced toward my front entryway. It was breezy outside and when I came to take it from the nail on which it was hanging it ble w through the yard and I had

Argument for the Existence of God :: Religion, Theology

     The following paper will give a sound contention for the presence of God. By exhibiting that an Atheist world can't represent the preconditions of the laws of rationale an Atheist can't represent a sound banter concerning the presence of God.      â€Å"The difficulty of the contrary†, the best and just evidence that the nesesary truth of the presence of God is his disclosure of himself to us that makes it feasible for us to utilize rationale. This could be interpreted, utilizing as it were nessesary facts, into the type of:      L: (laws of rationale)      G: (God exists)  â â â â if L involves G L  â â â â â â â â â â â â â â ================  â â â â â â â â â â â â â â G Rationale is â€Å"the laws of thinking that God has established.† If God has set up these laws of thinking that we call rationale at that point how could the Atheist framework represent the laws of rationale. First they are unimportant and general, and how might anything be able to irrelevant and all inclusive be represented in a naturalistic (matter just) universe. Second if God has set up these laws of thinking then there would be no secularism. An Atheist needs to have confidence parents in law of rationale which are all inclusive in application, however so as to get away from a definitive ramifications of this thought ( there is a God who forces all inclusive guidelines of reason.), the Atheist will attempt to keep up that the â€Å"laws of logic† are just â€Å" conventions† of general understanding among them. This is rationally non- satisfactory, if rationale were just a question of show, it would be inconceivable

Postmodern Art: A Public Art Medium Essay

So much has changed in the workmanship world in the previous not many decades. Due to the quick development of innovation, majority rule government and globalization, expressions today are increasingly mass-situated, such a large number of assets and offices for both the thankfulness and the creation of expressions are made accessible and open to all. It is unsurprising that expressions will assume a progressively dynamic job in this century. Truth be told, this outstanding movement in expressions is one of a trait of Postmodernism. By and large, Postmodernism regards workmanship as â€Å"a type of social production† which reflects social conditions. They question those â€Å"good† expressions and â€Å"good† structures. They attempt to obscure the limits among â€Å"good† and â€Å"bad† style. Consequently, the connection between the craftsmanships and the crowd makes the crowd, as it were, a piece of the workmanship. Accordingly, speaking with the general population turns into a significant part, and for instance fits well into this new social worldview †it is â€Å"public art†. One of the ways of thinking of Postmodern Art is accentuating joint effort and interest. That is, creation isn't just artists’ business. In the South Bronx in New York, one of the least fortunate and most risky pieces of the city, craftsman John Ahearn and his associate Robert Torres made life-castings of individuals in the area by teaming up legitimately with the network that will come into contact with the work of art. These individuals took part and bolstered the craftsmanship, turning into the piece of creation. In the interim network gives craftsmen an area, motivation and reason. The meaning of workmanship out of nowhere gets not all that outright and restrictive. Members presently can communicate their thoughts and musings, in this way raising the conceivable outcomes of new types of innovativeness. John Ahearn’s form venture isn't just a single model concentrating on overall population. Another famous Pop craftsman, Claes Oldenburg typifies the ideas of postmodernism in his open works of art, for example, â€Å"Clothespin† and â€Å"Dropped Cone†. By making models of mass culture objects, once more, Claes Oldenburg intended to obscure the differentiation among â€Å"high† and â€Å"low† culture. In other words, there is no more chain of importance of culture and that the subject of workmanship may pick up from any wellspring of life. Under the pattern of Postmodernism, specialists today are likewise relegated to the new duty, and this new thought redetermines the inherent estimations of craftsmanships. In the event that we think about craftsmanship as a type of social practice, workmanship can be viewed as a methodology that individuals take an interest and interpret the pictures and images of the world. Since workmanship is a methods for investment, the difficulties of craftsmen these days are creating new fine arts, yet additionally delivering the fine arts that fill in as an upgrade for revaluation and association of culture and individuals. As it were, the significance of craftsmanship in this time isn't so easy to show the feel. It is about how to decipher and transcode our way of life, and afterward remake what we had before.

Poem Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 4

Sonnet - Essay Example em for the nation in view of the illicit migrants that wind up submerging themselves into our general public, I can't resist the opportunity to consider whether they also are thinking along the conditions of the â€Å"The Melting Pot† when they chose to come and attempt their karma in entering the United States. This is maybe an attitude and a conviction that has not changed for the settlers since it is the general thought that has been taken care of to them for ages. Consequently, â€Å"The Melting Pot† has become the official name for the American worker culture where they show up as outsiders however become American. However turning into an American never implied that they needed to surrender who they are as outsiders to this land. That is the thing that makes me pitiful. For whatever length of time that outsiders in the United States are not compelled to surrender their past for the customs and culture of their present country, migration, both lawful and unlawful, could in all likelihood be the destruction of the incredible nation known as the United States of

7 Indispensable Tricks for Writing Comic Books

7 Indispensable Tricks for Writing Comic Books As the longtime creative director of Marvel Comics and one of the most iconic comic book creators of all time, Stan Lee (1922 â€" 2018) was the mastermind of a Marvel Universe full of timeless characters and stories that continue to capture the imagination of new generations of comic book fans.At first, however, Lee lacked confidence in his writing. As he would later explain in his autobiography, he felt that comic books (and therefore, comic book writers) had a low status in the literary world. As a result, he used a pseudonym for some of his earliest comic book work. He writes, I used to be embarrassed because I was just a comic-book writer while other people were building bridges or going on to medical careers. And then I began to realize: entertainment is one of the most important things in peoples lives. Without it, they might go off the deep end. I feel that if youre able to entertain people, youre doing a good thing.As we all know, Stan Lees comic books not only brought him (a nd the Marvel company) massive successâ€"they also played a large role in elevating comics to a genre that is well-respected and continuing to grow in popularity. If you have been thinking about writing a comic book and are unsure of how to go about it, here are seven little tricks to keep in mind as you write.Photo by Lena Rose on UnsplashTip #1â€"Focus on story first, then layout secondEven though comic books are often best known for their imagery, as a rule of thumb, when writing a comic book, you should first focus on the story. Stan Lee puts it simply: Comics are stories; theyre like novels or anything else. So the first thing you have to do is become a good storyteller.While were on the topic of storytelling, if you are unsure which story you want to tell, consider the fact that many comic books and graphic novels published in todays market are retellings of older stories. This graphic novel retelling of William Shakespeares Romeo and Juliet and this comic book-inspired versio n of Victor Hugos Les Misérables are great examples. Even Stan Lee borrowed much of his storytelling from classic Greek and Roman myths, so dont be afraid to put a new spin on an old tale if you are stuck on the story part.Tip #2â€"Know the end and work backwardsThis same piece of advice holds true for writing any type of story, whether it be a short story, novel or comic book. When you know your ending firstâ€"before putting pen to paper (or fingers to keyboard) for the first draftâ€"youll be able to write a more succinct storyline with fewer holes in the plot.This doesnt mean that you need to know every detail about how your story will end. It only means that you should have a general idea of the major events that will take place at the end. You should know which character will be involved and the overall character arcs for your major characters (particularly the protagonist).This is especially important if you plan to write a series of comics. Knowing what happens at the end wil l help you divide the story correctly into segments and end each book on the right kind of cliffhanger (which well discuss more in tip #4).Tip #3â€"Outline completely before writingHeres another tip you should follow in the writing process, regardless of what type of fiction you are writing. Having an outline is one of the most important things (if not THE most important thing) you can do before sitting down to write your comic book. You dont need to know every detail at the beginning, but you should have a general idea of your setting, plot structure, major characters, their motivations, and their character arcs as the plot progresses.If youre stuck at this part, I recommend reading Blake Snyders Save the Cat! series. While he initially focuses on writing a screenplay, he offers invaluable advice on two different facets of outlining a story for any media. First, he provides a beat sheet focusing on the 15 major beats that occur within all great movies/screenplays. You can essential ly take these beats and fill them in with your storys unique details to have a well-rounded plot outlined quickly. Second, he reviews the essential ten types of stories that encompass most plots. For example, he breaks down the most popular types of stories into easily digestible, overarching themes. A few examples are:Monster in the House (Alien, The Ring, etc.)Dude with a Problem (Die Hard, Open Water, etc.)Rites of Passage (Napoleon Dynamite, Kramer vs. Kramer, etc.)Buddy Love (When Harry Met Sally, Brokeback Mountain, etc.)Fool Triumphant (Forrest Gump, Legally Blond, etc.)Tip #4â€"For multiple issues, end on a cliffhangerI touched on this briefly above, but this is especially important during the outlining process if you are creating a series of comic books. As with any seriesâ€"and particularly in comic booksâ€"ending each issue on a cliffhanger is essential if you want to keep your audience engaged in the overall story youre writing.In writing comics, its important to keep th is in mind as you outline each issue. If you are creating a series, you should outline the entire series before writing the first comic book, and the outline should be completed before any artwork is begun. Pay special attention to page numbering as you outline and determine cliffhanger cut-off points for each issue, as this will determine the level of interest you are able to maintain with your audience and whether theyll want to purchase following issues (after reading the first).Photo by Andreas Fidler on UnsplashThere are also software programs available such as Celtx, which includes a comic book option for its script writing features. Using software to assist with layout and page numbering during the outlining and writing processes helps extensively with this cliffhanger strategy.Tip #5â€"Make sure your setting and characters are memorableSince comic books have limited room for extended exposition, having a memorable setting and unforgettable characters is important. Stan Lee p uts it like this: To my way of thinking, whether its a superhero movie or a romance or a comedy or whatever, the most important thing is youve got to care about the characters. Youve got to understand the characters and youve got to be interested. If the characters are interesting, youre half-way home.When you think back over some of the bestselling comic books and graphic novels (Neil Gaimans Sandman series and Robert Kirkmans The Walking Dead series come to mind), youll find that two things they all have in common are a unique, intriguing setting and fascinating characters. Both drive the story when limited exposition and dialogue are necessary (such as in comic books) and both will ensure a comics success if crafted properly.Tip #6â€"Notebooks and audio recorders are great for stealing dialogue you hear throughout the dayThis tip comes directly from Tony Max, indie comic book author and illustrator of The Golden Silence series. As a writer, he often catches conversations on audio recorders (with the permission of the speakers, of course) to get a feel for the cadence and word choice of everyday conversations between people. He is then able to listen back through and recreate a realistic dialogue in his comic books.Since comic books rely heavily on dialogue to fill in details of the exposition, creating realistic dialogue should be a focus while youre writing. Often, panels dont have enough room to have a lot of dialogue either, so the dialogue you do include needs to be sharp, poignant, essential to the narrative, and realistic for the genre. Think of it as the bones that hold the narrative framework together.Tip #7â€"Phrase books help to find the right wordsPhrase books are great resources for writers of all genres in that they can help spark the creative Muse when writers block sets in (and lets face it, all writers experience writers block at some point or another). For example, this phrase book by USA Today bestselling author Jackson Dean Chase offers o ver 500 descriptions of weapons, wounds, wild animals, weather, emotions, dangerous places, and more, plus a combat thesaurus that covers everything, from attack to defense, ranged to melee, and from monsters to magic spells and psychic powers.Action Writers Phrase Book by Jackson Dean ChaseWhether your comic book is sci-fi, action and adventure, romance, fantasy, or somewhere in between, youll be able to find phrase books offering a plethora of information on costume, weaponry, fighting techniques, survivalist tricks, technology, period-correct verbiage, naming strategies, and more. They are really indispensable to any writers collection of source books and are especially useful in writing comics, where elements like worldbuilding and costume are essential for success.

Effectiveness of Death Penalty Essay

How Effective is Death Penalty? The death penalty is a very complicated subject to deal with. Most people would not want to talk about it out in the open. It is not a light subject to deal with in the first place. It is definitely not what one can talk over the dinner table. Since the lives of people are at stake, the matter is very serious and people understand it. That is probably why they hesitate to even talk about it freely. Regarding the question about the effectiveness of death penalty, we first need to understand its purpose. Basically, it has two motives. The first one is to punish criminals for their guilty acts. The second motive is for it to serve as a warning to others and to prevent them from committing the same crimes. While some people believe that death is the best punishment for severe criminals, there are better ways to deal with them which could be more constructive in the long run. There have been many instances in prisons where hardened criminals have become totally new people after being exposed to the scriptures and moral instructions. So, it is wrong on our part to think that hardened criminals would never turn over a new leaf. Regarding the question of the death penalty serving as a warning and a preventive measure for others, we can never be really sure about how many people it has stopped. While we can only count the number of incidents that have happened, we can never count the number of incidents that were prevented from happening. So, we will never know about the effectiveness of the death penalty in stopping crime.

Superlative Forms of Modifiers - Definition and Examples

The superlative is the form or degree of an adjective or adverb that indicates the most or the least of something. Superlatives are either marked by the suffix -est  (as in the fastest bike) or identified by the word most or least (the most difficult job). Almost all  one-syllable  adjectives, along with some two-syllable adjectives, add -est  to the base to form the superlative.  In most adjectives of two or more  syllables, the superlative is identified by the word  most or least.  Not all adjectives and adverbs have superlative forms. After a superlative, in or of a noun phrase can be used to indicate what is being compared (as in the tallest building in the world and the best time of my life). Exercises and Quizzes Exercise in Using the Comparative and Superlative Forms of AdjectivesPractice in Forming the Comparative and Superlative Degrees of Adverbs Examples and Observations This is the saddest story I have ever heard.(Ford Maddox Ford, The Good Soldier, 1915)The [New York City] subway is a gift to any connoisseur of superlatives. It has the longest rides of any subway in the world, the biggest stations, the fastest trains, the most track, the most passengers, the most police officers. It also has the filthiest trains, the most bizarre graffiti, the noisiest wheels, the craziest passengers, the wildest crimes.(Paul Theroux, Subterranean Gothic. Granta, 1984)[O]f all forms of tyranny, the least attractive and most vulgar is the tyranny of mere wealth.(Theodore Roosevelt,  Theodore Roosevelt: An Autobiography, 1913)Bart Simpson: This is the worst day of my life.Homer Simpson: The worst day of your life so far.(The Simpsons Movie, 2007)In one second, without any previous training or upbringing, he had become the wettest man in Worcestershire.​​  (P.G. Wodehouse, Very Good, Jeeves, 1930)I responded in what I thought was the most truthful--o r least untruthful--manner, by saying no.(James R. Clapper, Director of National Intelligence, explaining why he told Congress in March 2013 that the National Security Agency doesnt intentionally collect data on millions of Americans)To the man who loves art for its own sake, it is frequently in its least important and lowliest manifestations that the keenest pleasure is to be derived.(Arthur Conan Doyle)[T]he newspaper business, despite its many flaws, managed to do a lot of good. And it employed, in its newsrooms, the smartest, hardest-working, funniest, quirkiest, most cynical and at the same time idealistic group of borderline insane people Ive ever known.(Dave Barry, Ill Mature When Im Dead. Berkley, 2010)It is turning out to be the most beautiful, most quiet, largest, most generous, sky-vaulted summer Ive ever seen or known--inordinately blue, with greener leaves and taller trees than I can remember, and the sound of the lawnmowers all over this valley is a sound I could hum t o forever. (Nicholson Baker, The Anthologist. Simon Schuster, 2009)The greatest discovery of my generation is that a human being can alter his life by altering his attitudes of mind.  (William James) Double Comparatives and Superlatives Speakers of vernacular dialects often use double comparatives and superlatives such as more higher and most fastest. Although such constructions may seem redundant or even illogical, in reality both standard and nonstandard varieties of all languages are replete with such constructions. In English the redundant comparative dates back to the 1500s. Prior to this, in Old and Middle English, suffixes, rather than a preceding more or most, almost always marked the comparative and superlative forms of adjectives and adverbs, regardless of word length. In the Early Modern English period . . . [double markings were commonly used to indicate special emphasis, and they do not appear to have been socially disfavored.​  (comparative, The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language, 4th ed., 2000) Unusual Superlatives Make sure your gathering is the meatiest, cheesiest, feastiest ever with our platters, cold subs, salads, snacks, and desserts.  (Firehouse Subs, Savannah, Georgia)- Another of Springfield’s belovedest citizens has been murdered.  (Kent Brockman in The Simpsons) Pronunciation: soo-PUR-luh-tiv

Reflection About Poverty - 783 Words

Prior to watching this video, I expected the video to include the typical information one hears about poverty: â€Å"Yes, it is sad. Yes, it â€Å"isn’t fair†. But, there are always, always means to escape it.† However, this mindset was not vividly displayed throughout the video, instead, I was presented with a newfound manner in how to regard poverty. Oftentimes, it is inescapable, for numerous reasons, many of which are personal and familial. I was impacted by the video in numerous ways; however, I believe that I was impacted extensively towards the end of the film when the students, impoverished and of school age, began speaking about their educational aspirations. These children, despite the economic odds set against them, obtained multiple†¦show more content†¦My father was the produce manager at Dillion’s, and he acquired a high school diploma, with no college education that I can recall. My mother, on the other hand, ran her own daycare in our home, part time by the time I was born. At the time, my mom held a high school diploma and associate’s, but in the past few years, about a decade after my dad’s passing, she managed her RN BSN MBA to take care of our family. As one might expect, I grew up in an average middle-class family. We had all the necessities, as well as a few luxuries, but we have never been classified as â€Å"rich†. Money has always been budgeted and financial plans methodically organized, but never have I been accustomed to an impoverished lifestyle, or anything supremely close to one. Thus, I can unerringly state that my life is incomparable to the average individual existing in poverty. I am very grateful that I have never experienced any extreme financial hardships; however, my indulged lifestyle evoked an even greater sense of an almost culture shock as I watched the video. I have been gifted with numerous, what many would call â€Å"luxuries†, in life that even some Am ericans do not acquire. For example, the desire to read, write, and attend college are strong urges constituted in these individuals, yet they do not obtain the proper means to acquire such â€Å"privileges† that many of their fellow Americans satiate in. Poverty is a multigenerationalShow MoreRelatedReflection About Child Poverty984 Words   |  4 PagesDescription This semester, I was placed in a team to solve child poverty in New Zealand as a â€Å"wicked problem†, which are â€Å"impossible to solve simply or in their entirety†. Our solution focused on creating a lasting difference to not only the children who are affected but to their families as well by installing a buddy program which also provided low-income single mothers with skill-based workshops. We agreed to name our solution â€Å"Empower†, and everybody in the group was from different backgroundsRead MoreTheological Reflection on the Root Causes of Poverty Essay641 Words   |  3 Pagesglobal context, theology more concretely understood, is critical reflection on historical praxis. This definition emphasizes human action (praxis) as the point of departure for all reflection and as the determining factor in our encounter with the Lord and with other humans. Our actions in history (past, present, and future) shape has to shape our theological reflection and un derstanding. Today’s society has many problems such as poverty that causes numinous members of the society to look for solutionsRead MorePoverty Is A National Epidemic That Plagues Americans Across The Country Essay1531 Words   |  7 PagesPoverty is a national epidemic that plagues Americans across the country. Imagine having to choose between the simple necessities of life, the decision of whether to buy toothpaste, toilet paper, or laundry soap. Which is most important, which will have the largest effect on the outcome of one s life? Could something so small really change a person s ability to survive? Funk Wagnalls New World Encyclopedia states that â€Å"poverty is the economic condition in which people lack sufficient income toRead MoreThe Transformative Learning Project At A New York City Community College1084 Words   |  5 Pagesassessments in local neighborhoods, and work at the local hospital. Program requirements include a daily journal, evening reflection groups, a repor t that communicates the results of student research and a final reflection paper which includes a plan for future action. The transformative learning aspect involves the student’s ability to learn and understand of the levels of poverty, economic disparities, and health issues within the region as well as the different factors that contribute to it. SocialRead MoreWhy Do English-Language Learners Struggle?987 Words   |  4 PagesThere can be several different reasons why an English Language Learner can have troubles comprehending the English language. Poverty can play a huge role when in explaining why many English language learners have the troubles in mastering the English language. The State testing has varied throughout the years, along with the degrees of assessments and progress. Teachers also need constructive feedback to properly assess their own progress. The increase prescription of ADHD medication can also beRead MoreGraduation Speech : Career And Leadership Goals1711 Words   |  7 Pageseffective leader. I led professional development on differentiation in the Smithville Schoo l District several times in the last two years. I had the opportunity to direct STEM camp this last summer. I have spoken at three gifted conferences, and I am about to publish my first gifted unit of instruction with the world’s largest gifted publisher. These experiences have taught me how teachers learn best, how to provide constructive feedback, how to deal with discipline issues, and how to create qualityRead MoreMy Personal Reflection Of Diversity1255 Words   |  6 PagesThis paper is going to cover my personal reflection of what diversity means to me. I will also discuss the messages I learned as a child about various minorities and majorities, and how my views have changed since then. I will describe a situation in which diversity directly influenced my life. This paper will also include reflection of the common read novel The Other Wes Moore One Name, Two Fates. I will detail how the main characters experienced diversity. I will give examples of how diversityRead MoreStratification By Definition Is The Categorization Of People Into Socio Economic Strata Based Upon Their Annual Income And Occupation1378 Words   |  6 Pagesgreater access to education and blue collar work than in the past. America’s dark past of racism in the early 20th century is still prevalent in today’s society, only it is less obvious. Today, many minorities are living in neighborhoods nearing the poverty line, â€Å"the ghetto† or â€Å"rough neighborhoods† as they are referred to. Often times it is minorities that grow up in situations where they live between cheques, and in most cases the youth will need to drop out of school to help provide for their familyRead MoreA Framework For Understanding Poverty778 Words   |  4 Pages A Framework for Understanding Poverty Tammy D.Pernell University of West Alabama July 10, 2016 Introduction A Framework for Understanding Poverty by Ruby K. Payne builds a model for combating poverty by tackling it at the earliest level of perpetuation-in schools. Schools, Payne advocates, should be the first line of defense against encroaching poverty and also the most effective weapon to beat it back. Unlike most economic tools, schools should be fine-tuned and deployedRead MoreThe Article Being Poor, Black And Americ Impact Of Political, Economic, And Cultural Forces Essay762 Words   |  4 PagesAmerican: The Impact of Political, Economic, and Cultural Forces written by William Julius Wilson is about the struggles and inequalities African Americans living in poverty encounter. Wilson discussed political, economic and cultural forces that have an impact on American impoverished communities. The author suggested the natural disaster of Hurricane Katrina brought the media and world attention to poverty in the United States. Prior to Katrina, the author believes Americans did not foc us or sympathize

Rape and How It Affects Future Relationships Annotated Bibliography

Nicole R. Sorell (2008). Physical and Psychological Effects of Rape. Retrieved 29 Sep. 2010 From http://www.healthyplace.com/abuse/escaping-hades/physical-effects-of-being-raped-or-sexually-assaulted/menu-id-811/ This article deals with several effects of rape that is physical, psychological, economic effects and how affected persons can be assisted to seek therapy. According to Nicole, victims of rape suffer sever psychological effects; self blame, suicidal behavior, depression, hatred for the opposite sex, and a lack of interest in certain activities. In a concise and emotional manner, the author provides minute details of symptoms of each factor and how it can be handled. In one of the examples the author notes that, rape victims have been found to avoid companies of people of the opposite sex, for example if one was attacked by a person of the other sex. This article is very crucial as it provides relevant information for explaining why some people tend to avoid certain groups. Hanson. K. Hanson (1990). The Psychological Impact of Sexual Assault On Women and Children: A Review Sexual Abuse: A Journal of Research and Treatment.3 (2): 187 – 232. The article provides insights on the issues that affect victims of rape such as self blame and shame. The author asserts that shame resulting from assault plays a big role in influencing eating disorders, depression, as well as mental disorder. In his investigation, the author found that youth prone to shame are more likely to indulge in substance abuse and involvement in criminal activities. This article is relevant to this study because it provides insight on behavior of youth who have experienced rape in their life. His arguments are similar to those of Ehrenreich. Luster T and Small SA (2007). Sexual abuse history and problems in adolescence: exploring the effects of moderating variables. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 59:131–142. In this article, the authors use data from the National Longitudinal Surveys of young men and women to test their hypothesis that victims of rape are more likely to attempt suicide than other groups. They find their hypothesis is supported by data collected from many parts of the world. For example in Ethiopia, about 6% of rape victims reported having tried to commit suicide. The evidence adduced here is of importance to the study since it provides clear evidence as to why people with suicidal behavior tend to be more detached from the rest in the society. Resick, J. et al (2009) Long-term Psychological Effects of Rape in 35 Victims. A Journal of Research and Treatment, 77-79 This work looks at the responses from 35 victims of rape who reported their assault in the between 1996-1997 Violence and Threats of Violence Against Women and Men in the United States survey. The authors of this article expected men who reported cases of being assaulted would be more willing to seek assistance. According to the authors, those severely assaulted reported being penetrated, attacked with a weapon, or even threatened. The study compared the results of this with victims who had been assaulted 3 to 45 years there before to establish the long-term effects of sexual assault. The rape victims were assessed against 100 non abused control subjects on their scores on the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory, the Beck Inventory, and the modified Fear Survey Interview.   This article provides a good background for establishing behavior patterns of victims of rape. Santiago, Patricia (2005). Effects of a Rape Experience: A Longitudinal Study Journal of Social Issues Volume 37, Issue 4, 105-22 This paper gives results of a longitudinal exploration of the reactions exhibited by victims of rapes. The study, evaluated 20 victims of rape at 1 month, 5 months and one year after the occurrence of rape. The study compares the results with a similar number of non rape victims. In his findings, the author says that victims of rape were found to be more anxious than the control group. However, he reports considerable difference on variables such as personality and mood state. Just as Resick et al (2009), the author observes that these behaviors have a big influence on future relationships. According to their findings, the authors found that rape victims tended to be more depressed, more anxious and fearful than control subjects. They also found out that only one variable had a higher level of depression and anxiety; those who had been previously molested. This work is essential because it provides empirical evidence on some of the observed behaviors of victims of rape and how the be havior influences relationships in general.

Starting a Business Online Essay - 1570 Words

1. Identify the advantages and disadvantages of taking your small business online by performing a SWOT analysis. Include 2-4 items in each category. What is a SWOT analysis? It is an evaluation of strengths and weaknesses of a business unit and identification of opportunities presented by the markets of business units and threats posed by competitors. Strength, Weakness, Opportunities and Threats is what the letters of SWOT resemble (Schneider 2001 page 32).. Inside a business are where the strengths and weaknesses are found and what each business is capable of handling. Opportunities and threats are located outside a company and are based on the real world (Zahorsky 2011). Starting a business online and moving forward is a great†¦show more content†¦One is forcing organizations to accumulate lists of how to achieve certain objectives. Making uncritical lists without clear prioritization is an example of how weak opportunities might appear to balance long threats. Most times a simple list may not be presented critical (Haughey 2000-2011). 2. Because the Internet connects computers all over the world, any business that engages in e-Commerce instantly becomes an international business. The key issues that any company faces when it conducts international commerce include trust, culture, language, government, and infrastructure. Explain how you would address each of these issues. To create trust in a business the customer needs to rely on their own name brands. As a new business begins and starts online they face many difficulties. Due to the kind of anonymity that exists for companies trying to establish a web presence, customers sometimes lack the trust that is expected because people have been doing business with their neighbors not strangers for many years. As a company begins to take in the growing aspect to become a larger corporation with multinational operations the reputation of the company grows too. In order for a company to do business as it grows it should prove to the customers the trustworthiness as it continues to grow. In favor of a business to be successful they need to rapidly find away to produce trust (Schneider 2011 page 34-35). Language and customs are a combinationShow MoreRelatedStarting a Business Online Essay1161 Words   |  5 Pagesthe advantages and disadvantage of taking a small business online by performing a SWOT analysis. It will provide key issues that any company faces when it conducts international commerce that includes trust, culture, language, government, and infrastructure. The businesses that operate on the Web that extends a company’s reach beyond traditional boundaries. Second, it will attempt to explain the Web increases the speed and efficiency of business communications. Finally, it will look at the lawRead MoreStarting a Business Online Essay1252 Words   |  6 PagesAssignment One BUS 107 April 19, 2012 Professor â€Æ' 1. Identify the advantages and disadvantages of taking your small business online by performing a SWOT analysis 2-4 items in each category. The online business I am going to start is Earl’s Flowers Togo. We sell flowers arrangements and candies online and we have a brick and mortar store. One of our strengths is that we sell affordable high quality flower arrangements with name brand candy. We have a website that is very internet friendlyRead MoreEssay about Starting a Business Online, Part 12356 Words   |  10 Pagese-Commerce, a business must look at several factors in order to determine if they are ready and able to do everything needed in order to make it successful. Companies should initially perform a SWOT analysis in order to determine if selling products online would be beneficial to the overall company. They also need to make sure they understand they will be dealing with customers all over the world and are willing to take on the work involved to know all of the legalities involved. Taking a business onlineRead MoreManaging Communications, Knowledge and Information1200 Words   |  5 PagesCommunications, Knowledge and Information Introduction Starting a business require preparation, research and a lot of hard work. There are many decisions to be taken like type of business, financial support, location and so on. This decision has to be taken with a lot of care so they can overcome difficult stages of the business. New business also requires a strategic planning for future growth including products, partners and goals. Starting a business in the retail industry is a huge challenge facingRead MoreWhy Do You Go An Online Business? Essay1294 Words   |  6 Pagesplans to start their own internet business. Others nurture online business ideas that they think will shake the web for long-time before taking the leap of entrepreneurship. While there is nothing bad in dreaming big, it is important to keep the realities of starting and running an online business in mind. When it comes to starting a web business, there are hundreds of details to be mastered but let’s just focus on 11Cs under the most critical phases of starting an e-venture. And it only makes senseRead MoreStart Your Own Online Business For Free1314 Words   |  6 PagesStart an Online Business for Free Have you been wondering how to start your own online business for free? First let me tell you a story. About a year ago my wife and I split up and I became a single father of four. It was also at this time that I was diagnosed with a medical condition that forced me to quit my job. I was lost†¦I didn’t know how I would provide for my family – food, clothes, rent. I had nothing and no way to make money. I felt like a failure.It can be depressing trying to startRead MoreIt Is Not Always Easy To Find The Money To Launch A New1193 Words   |  5 Pagesto launch a new business. Traditional business loans are normally not an option for a fledgling business; lenders prefer to make loans to companies with established records of sales and expenses. However, insufficient funding is one of the leading reasons that new businesses fail. Caught between the proverbial rock and a hard place, many entrepreneurs wonder whether personal loans can and should be used to start a new business. Should Personal Loans Be Used to Launch a New Business? It is possibleRead MoreDesigning An E Commerce Solution Evaluation Essay1624 Words   |  7 PagesReferences†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Introduction. Many businesses have shown that after implementing an e-commerce system into their companies, sales have increased immensely. Sneaker Joe’s is a small family run business that is looking to expand their business after the sneakers they sell have shown to be very popular locally, after a picture of them was spotted on a social networking site. I have been looking at some of the most popular websites that consumers use to purchase theirRead MorePersonality Characteristics And Personality Traits1691 Words   |  7 Pagestechnologically savvy were also very important as they lay out a firm foundation during the establishment of business goals. In my opinion, one of the most sought after skills that clearly applies towards Tanseer was ‘Wearing many hats’ as throughout the interview I could understand that she single handedly works on her venture and has to work on everything, right from marketing her business to financing it and operating it successfully. She said â€Å"Sometimes you have to work overnights creating budgetRead MoreWeb Hosting798 Words   |  3 PagesAppendix A. When it comes to price, Yahoo! Small Business hosting at first appears to be the most attractive, even though the introductory rate of $3.47/month becomes $4.99/month after just three months (Yahoo, 2012). This is the cheapest basic hosting plan that was found in a search. Other details of the plan reveal that it might not be such a bargain (Yahoo, 2012). While Yahoo!s hosting service is very scalable and able to grow with the business, its service offerings are less than those of its

Divine Comedy and Dante Free Essays

Dante Alighieri’s â€Å"The Divine Comedy† is a poem written in first person that tells of Dante’s altered-ego pilgrimage through the three realms of death, Hell, Purgatory, and Paradise while trying to reach spiritual maturity and an understanding of God’s love while attaining salvation. Dante creates an imaginative correspondence between a soul’s sin on Earth and the punishment one receives in Hell. â€Å"In the middle of the journey of our life I came to myself in a dark wood where the straightway was lost. We will write a custom essay sample on Divine Comedy and Dante or any similar topic only for you Order Now (Canto I, pg. 11). Throughout â€Å"The Divine Comedy†, this is the only reference Dante, in my opinion, is referring to that â€Å"dark place† we all find ourselves in at some point in time in our own life. I, as Dante’s Pilgrim, have found myself in this â€Å"dark place† or â€Å"dark wood† once I lost sight of the â€Å"beaten path† or â€Å"where the straightway was lost† that I was travelling (life). But, it was during this time that I was lost that I not only found myself, but most importantly, I found my soul. I found the straightway path to my soul while in the dark wood. It is at this dark place or dark wood, that one begins not only to search for answers to one’s sin but to seek answers to the questions of the heart and mind. It is here, of the straightway lost, where the heart and mind no longer struggle for right vs. wrong but to harvest peace. Peace within one’s soul. The peace of one’s soul is born once the heart and mind become one and with this peace one will continue to search for God’s salvation just as Dante’s Pilgrim. The path to Paradise begins in Hell. † (Dante – The Divine Comedy. When Dante enters Hell on Good Friday, he reads the following posted above the gates of Hell as he is about to enter (Canto III, line 9): â€Å"Abandon all hope ye who enter here†. To leave Hell, Dante and his self-ego, must go through all nine circles of Hell, the deeper the circle, the more grave the sin and the sin’s punishment. The gravest punishment is that no one cares nor will help another while in Hell. Dante recognizes that those in Hell have chosen to be in Hell by their own choice but most importantly Dante learns to recognize and detest man’s sinful nature and the power of evil, and the need to guard against it. Hell has no hope. At times, it seems, more often than enough, that both the world and society are becoming increasingly hopeless. To lose hope is to lose life. To lose life is to gain Hell. Living is caring and hoping for the well being of man for today and for days to follow. In the Divine Comedy, to leave Hell, one must go through nine circles of Hell. But, for us, are the nine circles of hell the nine hours in the day that we inject ourselves into society? At the end of every day, do we journey through nine circles of Hell? Do we abandon all hope as we enter the day? â€Å"The path to Paradise begins in Hell. † If this is to be true, then tomorrow may I awake in Paradise. How to cite Divine Comedy and Dante, Papers

Key Space Mission Viking Mission to Mars - Solution is just click awa

Question: Describe The Viking dual orbiter/lander mission to Mars.and give an account of the mission,describing the challenges it had to overcome and the missions. achievements. Answer: Introduction The Viking project of NASA was specifically a culmination of the missions that were originally explored to the mars and has begun in the year 1964 along with the help of Mariner 4. The continued services of the Mariner in the 7 and the 6 fly bags the entire mariner 9 orbited its mission in the year 1972 and 1971. The space ship Vikings found that there is a special place of the satellite in the history of the world as it became the first American satellite or mission to land as a spaceship successfully on the surface of Mars. There are basically two spaceships that are quite identical and at the same time consist of several Landers and orbiters that were built during the mission (Apak 2008, p. 187). All the orbiters and the Landers flew along with each other like a pair and entered into the mars orbit without any problem. Then Landers descended downwards to the surface of the planet and the orbiter was also separated at the same time. Mission Design Both the orbiter and the Lander were launched from Florida right on 20th August 1975 that was the release date of Viking 1 and 9th September 1975 that was the release of Viking 2. The orbiter and the Landers were sterilized perfectly before the launch so that it can be prevented from all types of contamination for the organisms that are present on the surface of the Mars. The first spaceship that is the Viking 1 reached mars on June 19, 1976 and the second one that is the orbiter reached mars on August 7, 1976. After the astronauts went through all the photographs it was figured out that the site of the mars were actually certified by the verification department of the Viking team which was considered after completing the proposed landing test (Zimbelman and Others 1997, p. 4161). The spaceship Viking 1 was considered to be unsafe as the team members considered and examined the landing area on July 20, 1976. The main reason behind this problem was the western slope that consisted on the plains of Planitia that is also considered as the plains of gold at a northern degree of 22.3 latitude and 48.0 longitudes. Hence the team decided to shift the landing site of Viking 2 that was examined to be unsafe along with the photos that proved it be quite unsafe. The Viking mission was planned to be continued after 90 days of Landing. But both the Lander and the Orbiter lasted a much longer time that it was expected which was around 4 years. Viking Orbiters The Viking spaceship consisted of two space shuttles. One was the Orbiter and the other was the Lander. Both the spaceships weighted nearly 2325 kilograms and also consists a Lander in both of them that weighted nearly 576 kilograms. The design of the spaceship was also influenced by the size of the Landers that were huge and at the same time was highly acclaimed by the inventors and they were also pretty sure that both the spaceship would definitely last for a much longer time (Minelli and Others 2004, p. 255-262). The design of the Mariner was modeled according to the planetary spacecrafts that were designed for the surface mission. The requirements of the lifetime orbiters were dependent to be nearly 90 days or 120 days after their successful landing. These orbiters were also considered to be one of the best at that time as all the landing criteria were involved with the petition of the team that were actually handling all the consequences of the programs that were involved in the program accordingly. The orbiters also contained the control sub system that was also operated with the help of the inertia mode along with several yaw control specifications and pitches. The attitude control system was also aligned with the engine burns that were provided by the control system and the auto pilot section are the ones that used to command the engine in all types of problems (Palluconi and Others 1977, p. 4249-4291). The sun lock system also was lost along with the control system that can automatically align the spacecrafts and result in the loss of the Canopus sub system. The members of the team waited for the signal and then just turned on the gas supply section for the other subsystem and the Lander subsystem. Viking Landers The Lander spacecrafts were build up of five systems that were the Lander body, the bio shield cap, the base section, the aero shell subsystem and the parachute system. The complete Lander measured nearly 3 meters and weighted nearly 576 kilograms that is nearly 1270 pounds without fuel injection. The body of the Lander was built on a raised platform that is filled with scientific operators and subsystem. The box inside the Lander was completely built of aluminum and titanium alloys that can be insulated in the fiberglass system and along with a cloth that will protect the space ship from losing the heat content of the system (Klein 1979, p. 1655). The entire spaceship is covered with plates right from the top to the bottom. The body of the Lander was supported by the three specific legs that were also attached to the bottom corner of the body and the legs provided the air ship with and edge and a ground clearance of nearly 22 centimeters. The legs were usually connected to the main strut right from the frame assembly in all prospects. The terminal landing radar were measured at a huge velocity for the Landers in the landing phase of the spaceship and it was also directly located to the system that was nearly 12 Kilometers above the surface level and consisted of four Doppler radar that helped the entire unit to calculate the essentials factors of the mission and the prospect that there is still life contented on earth and the other structures that combined all the features that are beneficial for the system and for mankind. The above mission is also considered to be one of the most decisive moments in history. Knowledge research Viking mission or project of was the result or the outcomes of the Mars mission. The NASA was construct two different kind of spacecraft or spaceship namely Viking 1 and Viking 2. The Viking 1 and Viking 2 is constructing by the help of the different components according to their works like photography as well as knowing the surface of the Mars (Klein 1974, p. 431-441). The Viking Orbiter was constructor propose for the photography of the Mars as well as for the Lander propose for the knowing and collecting the surface information of the Mars. After the landing of Viking 1 and Viking 2, the Viking 2 (Viking Lander 2) was identify the surface of the Mars as well as collecting lost of information and data. The Viking 2 was also recording wind velocity of the landing surface of the Mars. According to the Viking 2 (Viking Lander 2) some microorganism was present in the surface of the Mars (Landing area of the Viking 1 as well as Viking 2) but there was no clear identification or evidence for the microorganism. The Viking 2 (Viking Lander 2) was also detected the soli (Martine Soil) of the Mars. According to the provided data of the Viking Mission or the Viking 2 (Viking Lander 2), The Mars is self sterilizing. According to the Viking Mission or Viking 2 (Viking Lander 2) provided data, the researchers groups or teams was identify the nature of the soil of Mars or Martine soil as well as they was also describe that, the solar UV (Ultraviolet) radiation of the surface of the Mars are much more respect of the surface of the Earth (Levin and Others 1976, p. 24-27). For that reason the soil or the Martine soil of the Mars are more dry respect of the soil of the Earth or surface of the Earth. The Martine soil or the soil of the Mars are acute dry as well as according to the chemistry or the researchers group or teams it is define that the soil of the Mars or the Martine soli are oxidizing character or oxidation in nature, which is formally shows that the microorganism or living organism are present in Mars. The Viking Team The National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) is government agency of the United State (US). The National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) are responsible for space program as well as researches about the aerospace and aeronautics. The Viking Mission (Viking 1 and Viking 2) was also controlling and managing by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) (Mac Carron and Kenna 2013, p. 12-17). The National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Langley Research Center in Hampton, VA was fully manage and controlling the whole Viking Mission or Program (Viking 1 and Viking 2) from beginning of the mission 1968 to 1st April, 1978. Various leaders of the scientific team were also included in the Viking Team and included Mr. Michael Carr that represented the geological survey of India. Then Mr. Melon park who was the team leader of the imagining orbiter investigation department. There was also an involvement of Dr Crofton that is the leader of the wat er structure mapping system and Mr. Hugh who is involved with the space department and is from the University of California. There were also members from the Los Angeles team headed by Sir Alfred Nier from the University of Minnesota in Minneapolis (Margulis and Others, 1978). There were also people from the science entry system of investigation that included Dr Thomas from the Mutch of Brown University and also the team leader of the imagining investigation department that also included all the members that are deeply associated with space science and Astronomy to a great extent. Conclusion The Viking Mission or Program (Viking 1 and Viking 2) was managing and controlling by the government organization National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) of United State (US). The National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) were also collecting all the data as well as information like photography by Viking Orbits and surface data or soil information by Viking Lander (Mudgway, 1983). According to the Viking 1 as well as Viking 2 data or information set, it is clear that the soil or Martine soil of the mars is more dry respect of the Earth soil. The Martine soil or the soil of the Mars is consisting by the help of some rich iron substances or elements, which is containing extremely oxidizing element or substances. The oxidizing substance or extremely rich iron clay is provided or releasing oxygen when it is wet, therefore it is clear that the microorganisms or micro compounds are present in Mars but Viking 1 as well as Viking 2 was didnt provide any evidence. The Viking 1 as well as Viking 2 just provided some basic data ort information. The Viking 1 as well as Viking 2 was also provided some basic data of the Mars surface like Martine soil or the Martine surface of Mars are didnt containing any type of organic molecules. It is measurable by the part per billion level of the soil or Martine soil of the Mars, which is quite less than the respect of Moon surface or soil (soil sample containing by the Apollo) (Meyer 2012, p. 3-4). According to the Viking 1 and Viking 2 data set or information it was clear that the atmospheric pressure of the Mars surface is differ by 30% for the period of the Martine year, because the carbon dioxide (CO2) was compress as well as sublimes at the polar caps of the Mars surface. In the Viking mission or program, the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) team was observed that the radio signals was coming late or delay in between the receiver and Viking 1 as well as Viking 2. After some words it was observed that the delay of the radioactive signals due to the gravitational field of the Sun. References 3.9. Extended viking mission to Mars termed successful. (1982). COSPAR Information Bulletin, 1982(94), pp.66-67. Anon, (2015). [online] Available at: https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/fact_sheets/viking.pdf [Accessed 25 Jan. 2015]. Apak, R. (2008). Life detection experiments of the Viking Mission on Mars can be best interpreted with a Fenton oxidation reaction composed of H2O2 and Fe2+ and iron-catalysed decomposition of H2O2. Int.Jnl Astrobiol., 7(3-4), p.187. Cattermole, P. (2001). Mars. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Corliss, W. (1974). The Viking mission to Mars. Washington: Scientific and Technical Information Office, National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Corliss, W. (1975). The Viking mission to Mars. Washington: Scientific and Technical Information Office, National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Craddock, R., Crumpler, L., Aubele, J. and Zimbelman, J. (1997). Geology of central Chryse Planitia and the Viking 1 landing site: Implications for the Mars Pathfinder mission. J. Geophys. Res., 102(E2), p.4161. Frigeri, A., Federico, C., Pauselli, C. and Minelli, G. (2004). Identifying Wrinkle Ridges from Mars MGS and Viking Mission Data: Using GRASS GIS in Planetary Geology. Transactions in GIS, 8(2), pp.255-262. Kieffer, H., Martin, T., Peterfreund, A., Jakosky, B., Miner, E. and Palluconi, F. (1977). Thermal and albedo mapping of Mars during the Viking primary mission. J. Geophys. Res., 82(28), pp.4249-4291. Klein, H. (1974). Automated life-detection experiments for the Viking mission to Mars. Origins of Life, 5(3-4), pp.431-441. Klein, H. (1979). The Viking mission and the search for life on Mars. Rev. Geophys., 17(7), p.1655. Klein, H., Lederberg, J., Rich, A., Horowitz, N., Oyama, V. and Levin, G. (1976). The Viking Mission search for life on Mars. Nature, 262(5563), pp.24-27. Mac Carron, P. and Kenna, R. (2013). Viking sagas: Six degrees of Icelandic separation Social networks from the Viking era. Significance, 10(6), pp.12-17. Margulis, L., Mazur, P., Barghoorn, E., Halvorson, H., Jukes, T. and Kaplan, I. (1979). The Viking mission: Implications for life on Mars. Journal of Molecular Evolution, 14(1-3), pp.223-232. Mazur, P., Barghoorn, E., Halvorson, H., Jukes, T., Kaplan, I. and Margulis, L. (1978). Biological implications of the Viking mission to Mars. Space Sci Rev, 22(1). Meyer, M. (2012). Foreword: Mars Science Laboratory, the First Astrobiology Mission to Mars Since Viking. Space Sci Rev, 170(1-4), pp.3-4. Mudgway, D. (1983). Telecommunications and data acquisition systems support for the Viking 1975 mission to Mars. Pasadena, Calif.: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology. NIER, A. and MCELROY, M. (1976). Structure of the Neutral Upper Atmosphere of Mars: Results from Viking 1 and Viking 2. Science, 194(4271), pp.1298-1300. Snyder, C. (1979). The planet Mars as seen at the end of the Viking Mission. J. Geophys. Res., 84(B14), p.8487. Snyder, C. and Evans, N. (1981). The final phases of the Viking mission to Mars. Icarus, 45(1), pp.2-24. SOFFEN, G. and SNYDER, C. (1976). The First Viking Mission to Mars. Science, 193(4255), pp.759-766. Thorpe, T. (1979). A history of Mars atmospheric opacity in the Southern Hemisphere during the Viking extended mission. J. Geophys. Res., 84(A11), p.6663. Veverka, J., Thomas, P. and Greeley, R. (1977). A study of variable features on Mars during the Viking primary mission. J. Geophys. Res., 82(28), pp.4167-4188. Vogt, G. (1991). Mars landing and the Viking. Brookfield, Conn.: Millbrook Press.

Reaction Paper on Multiculturalism free essay sample

Multiculturalism, historically has been a source of conflict especially when cultural difference is used as a basis for determining who gets what, why and how. So it is good to give a definition: multiculturalism can at best be described as a broad set of mutually reinforcing approaches or methodologies concerning the incorporation and participation of immigrants and ethnic minorities and their modes of cultural and religious difference.Multiculturalism is not new, because countries have lived with several cultures, sometimes for centuries, and it was a way of living without problem. But there is a new question of multiculturalism which is clearly linked to recent migrations. The end of the colonial time, and the movement of population which followed, the globalization of the economy and increased movements of migrants, all this had many countries to think in terms of multiculturalism.Cultural differences do not and should not mean cultural battle. Multiculturalism does not mean: accept everything and teach nothing. We will write a custom essay sample on Reaction Paper on Multiculturalism or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Multiculturalism means integration with respect. Multiculturalism is a way of living together peacefully. But this statement does not say how this is possible and on which issue we have to be careful, and which should be the policy of the state.Each country has to find its own system. Multiculturalism must be translated in practical measures. There is also the transformation of cultures themselves, which can be more or less open to multiculturalism. The religious factor is here very important in many contexts because of its relation to culture. It becomes a political issue, because it is linked to cultural identity, and sometimes to national identity. It often revolves around the question of separation of state and religion. This separation is an essential principle, but it’s not always practiced, and sometimes, it is even rejected. And when rejected, religion tends then to get more importance. Religion tends to become more fundamentalist in the face of social crisis or national frustration, which often makes multiculturalism impossible.When we talk of the ideal of multiculturalism in enabling social change, the question of leadership. Only when we factor in this historic process of the struggle for hegemony (and, by extension, for state power) among groups can we really begin a substantive discussion on the cognitive and pedagogical value of multiculturalism for third world societies where, in most cases, the violence of the neocolonial state often supervenes over a polymorp

Writing Essay - Using Free Essay Samples

Writing Essay - Using Free Essay SamplesFree essay samples are available to students who wish to learn more about communication skills. Anyone who is passionate about writing can benefit from this useful resources. This is not an easy task, as it entails writing a very different kind of content and then submitting it. It takes time and effort.The first step in writing a sample is to decide the topic you wish to write on. Do you want to talk about the basic information needed for communicating with others? Or are you more interested in expanding your knowledge of general topics? Then you will have to search for free essay samples which cover various topics that interest you. Before starting to write, you must find out the requirements that these companies have to make the sample materials available.Before you start writing the material, make sure you understand how your college requires its writers. Take your time and make sure you follow the rules. For example, you may have to use di fferent language and format in each sample. The usage of certain words or phrases could not be used in other samples. This is because the rules stipulate that each sample should be unique.You may also make use of different practice papers and examples to help you write better. While using practice papers, think about what you do not know and incorporate it into your text. For example, you may have to incorporate something in your work so that your papers would be impressive.One way to get more practice is to search for different contact forms and learn about the different ones. They can be helpful. You should also ask the representatives of the companies to explain what each form means.It is not hard to learn how to communicate, but it takes time. And it is even harder to learn how to communicate while writing for the best possible quality. The process of learning is indeed time consuming. You can do this by using the free essay samples as a guide.Writing communication for yourself takes a lot of time and effort. But the effort you put into it will reap you a great reward. You will be confident in talking to anyone, even those who are not familiar with communication. You will develop your communication skills and eventually will be able to communicate well to others. When you finally become an expert, you will see that you did not really spend all that much time on it.

Undiagnosed Schizophrenia and Out of Body Experiences free essay sample

Eyes seemed to stair straight into the girls head. Drilling into her very skull as if there was more to discover beneath that mess of ebony hair. As though there was a hidden secret that she held from the rest of the world, that everyone tried to pry from her only using their eyes. She seemed completely oblivious to the intense assessment that my fellow classmates gave her. Either she really didnt notice it, she thought she was too Hugh above us all, or she honestly didnt care. And right from that moment I knew she was different. I knew she was somebody that I would want to get know. A girl unlike the others attending the academy. It was strange that you could tell so much about this one individual, without speaking a single word to her. Her clothes were old and frumpy, yet she pulled it off. We will write a custom essay sample on Undiagnosed Schizophrenia and Out of Body Experiences or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Most of the girls at the school wouldnt be caught dead in old chucks. Her black hair fell in small dreads, surrounding her face. Some of them pulled behind her head. And beneath all that hair a bruised eye was evident. That was enough to set my curiosity aflame like a match to a tissue.Throughout the boring lecture discussing the unimportant history of the almost ancient Gaelic language, my eyes couldnt help but glance over at the new girl. Not once does she look up and take note of the lecture. Not even an acknowledgment of the boring and useless things the professor decided to talk about. Her hand moved furiously at the piece of paper before her, her fingers gripping the pen so tightly that her knuckles began to turn white. She seemed to get lost in whatever she was doing. From what I could tell two desk spaces away from her, It was a drawing. Of what, I couldnt tell.But the skill put Into the piece wasnt what had be Intrigued. It was the way she seemed to get lost back in the maze of her mind, her imagination spinning out of control and almost every thought going down on the paper. Spilling out onto a canvas like a dam that had burst open. I almost thought I would get lost in her losing herself when her work was disturbed by the teacher walking by. Just as I thought I would gain the courage to stand, and push myself over to her the peaceful yet powerful image that played out before me ended. Her hands almost instinctively covered her paper, and her cool blue eyes stared up at the teacher.He proceeded to sky her about what he spoke of, make sure she was paying attention to his ramblings. Although his voice was loud, and they were so close to me, I couldnt hear it. I couldnt make out words, only sound buzzing around my ears. My mind stayed captivated with her every move. The way her eyes stayed focused yet she was off somewhere else. Perhaps the far depths of her mind. Could she escape those depths? Was the glassy eyed look something that was a part of her or was I lucky enough to witness such an amazing mind in action. The guys in the class would snicker at her, because of her being different.The way she would talk as though she had lived a thousand years. Shes a genius. I would think to myself. But not to the point where shes crazy. Or is she crazy. Maybe thats why I am so Intrigued. Thoughts circled my mind throughout the rest of our class. I was once so easily distracted, so caught up in whatever else happened in the class because of my short OFF figure her out. Understand her. There is a difference. I wanted to understand how her mind worked, and why she thought the way she did. I wanted to know how she ignored the glares so easily. How she blocked out the rest of the world, even when peaking.She spoke with a loud voice. A strong voice. A voice that tells you she knows what shes doing. She knows how to assert herself, and she knows the right things to say to make people second guess her. Like me. Another thought was blurred into the rest, but it stood out. Where did that bruise on her upper cheek come from. What was the story behind that. Everything had a story, and if it wasnt obvious I would try to find one. Find some hidden meaning or truth behind the simplest things. Laura? The teacher would call my name, calling on me to answer a question. Unlike my usual suck-up self, I reply with a simple ham? . It takes a good shove from my best mate beside me to shake me from the daze. From the curious thoughts, that wrapped around this girl. This girl that I so longed to be friends with, while at the same time she terrified me. The next day I almost expected the girl to walk by me. I still didnt know her name. Or know anything about her. Other than the fact that she was different. Throughout the day I looked for her. Any sign that she was around. That I hadnt Just imagined this brilliant human being. I wanted proof that this girl that only the day before I was o intrigued with existed.But she was nowhere to be found. The day passed, and although I focused again. I listened again. I didnt want to. I didnt want to forget about her and move on. I had it set in my mind subconsciously that I would learn about her, she couldnt be gone. It wasnt supposed to work out that way. Day after day she didnt show up to class. Despite the fact that she seemed to go unnoticed, rumors began to spread about her. Where had she gone? Why had she disappeared? Some said she was on the run from something or someone. Some said her father was abusive, and he finally pushed it too far. Some said she was depressed, and decided to off herself. I didnt want these to be true. I wanted her to be sick maybe. Or visiting a relative. Something that would tell me she would return the next day. So that I would have the courage to choke out a mere hello. But somewhere in the back of my mind I knew that wasnt true. Whatever the circumstances, she wasnt coming back. As days turned into weeks, weeks turned into months, not a day went by without me hoping to see her cool blue eyes one morning. Not a day went by without me entering if she would ever return to me.I even practiced what I would say upon her return. But as time went on, rumors began to settle down. Everyone else seemed to loose sight of this intriguing young woman, someone who everybody ignored. Yet wanted to be around so much at the same time. Someone so intriguing that people were far to intimidated to actually approach her. Now, every once in a while as I glance in the mirror I get a glance of her. A flicker of the cool blue eyes in my reflection. Because all along this intriguing young woman, this intellectually brilliant and mysterious girl was me.For almost a month I seemed to float outside my own body, my brain watched myself without being attached to myself. I became a new person. Someone different, good or bad. But that side of me has vanished, and no one ever asks about the new girl. This story is about a girl who has undiagnosed schizophrenia. Because it is undiagnosed, and because it has gone unnoticed, in her mind she really believes that there is another girl who comes to school. And then disappears. When in reality, the girl that she observes is herself. Its like she has an out of body experience and sees herself how she wishes she really was.

Jamestown Settlement essays

Jamestown Settlement essays I am writing to you to tell you that I have returned from my assignment in the New World. My adventures in the Virginia colony were interesting but I am glad to be back home in London. While in Virginia, I led the typical colonist lifestyle. At first I had a rough time adjusting to my new life in the colony but in the end, I enjoyed my visit to the New World. As you can imagine, I was quite surprised when I got my assignment from Boats R Us to travel to the New World. When I was notified that I would be traveling to the new English settlement, I was pretty scared but I eventually got over it. It didnt really set in that I was actually traveling to the New World until I was boarding the boat. The date was December 20, 1606 and the rest of the passengers and myself were waiting for the 3 ships to tell us when to start loading. We were all asking about how long the trip would last but nobody seemed to know the answer. Finally the boats told us they were ready so I boarded my boat, the Susan Constant. Many of the people I was talking to boarded the other two boats, Godspeed and Discovery. As I unpacked my things and got settled in I wondered if I would ever see London again. We arrived at our destination on May 24, 1607. At our first stop we were attacked by Indians, so we kept going up the bay. We decided to settle on the banks of the James River, which we named after our king at the time, King James 1. We obviously arent the smartest people in the world because we picked a place that was infested with mosquitoes and disease. Nevertheless we stayed at our chosen location and appropriately named it Jamestown. Many of the friends (and enemies) I had met on the ships died from disease and lack of proper food. Some even died before we reached Jamestown. One cause of the excessive deaths was that many of the colonists spent almost all of their time searching for gold instead of harvesting food...

Week 7 Hand-In Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Week 7 Hand-In - Assignment Example By such restriction the data will remain consistent or in other words it will be independent of the programs using it. The concept of data independence helps to improve the maintenance and management of database in single user environment (Wisegeek, 2011). End users, usually those who have no or very little knowledge about computers take advantage of application software (Toolbox, 2008). While on the other hand, database can be created, maintained or modified by its users through database management system. There are numerous advantages in separating the application software from database management system. One of the foremost advantages is better load balancing which means that different machines can be used for application software and database management system. This increases the overall efficiency of the entire system. Another advantage of separation of application software from the database management system is that it results in making the entire system more secure. This increase in security is necessary because end users are in contact with application software and in the database very important data is stored. Even very little change in the database can result in major faults and failures (Ramirez, 2000). Answer: Programmers or designers of database management system are not responsible to check vacancy on each flight. The user who is concerned with flight 243 will perform this operation and will check this vacancy. The user will enter into the application software to see the availability of flights. When he will click on the flight number 243 then it will be checked in the database that is there any seat in the flight available. Answer: A relation is a term which deals with database. At the time of designing of database management system it must be decided that how database entities, relations, tables etc within a database must be stored. Therefore, it is responsibility of designer of DBMS software to perform the operation

If you would provide a 5-6 page paper on Groupon, applying the Research

If you would provide a 5-6 page on Groupon, applying the principles of marketing - Research Paper Example The company offers a bundle of coupons with a target in mind; the target being a certain number of people willing to avail the particular product or service. If that target is reached, then that product/service is made available to the consumers, otherwise it’s not. The retailers treat these coupons as sales promotion or quantity discounts. The consumers pay for their purchase (coupon for a particular commodity or facility) to Groupon and it then splits the money charged with the retailer who provides that particular product or service to the consumers. Marketing and the Marketing process: The process of controlling and managing cost-effective and advantageous consumer associations is known as marketing. This process has two broad objectives which are: firstly to maintain and positively develop relationship with existing customers by ensuring customer satisfaction and secondly, to draw fresh clients with the help of a unique selling point that gives them an edge over their com petitors and the fresh clients recognize and cash this niche. The key to successful product marketing lies in the market understanding of the marketer, who should know the market trends as to what the consumers want or need, and then develops the product or service, keeping in mind the consumer`s desires which live up to their name and expectations. Then, the product or services must be priced in such a way that it is within the purchasing power of the target market, and its distribution and promotion should be such that the target market has easy access to it and its promoted in a way that it occupies the right place in the minds of the consumers. If all these steps are followed correctly and effectively then it ensures the success of the product or service. (Kotler and Armstrong 4-5) Groupon primarily focuses on major geographical locations where people have easy access to the internet; are literate, and there are successful companies operating in those areas who can offer the pro ducts and services and then, it approaches those companies with its offers and from there on, their marketing process proceeds accordingly. The company is following the marketing process very well. It analyses the major geographical locations to gain knowledge about the needs and wants of the customers of that particular location. It then approaches those companies who are willing to and can fulfil the wants and needs of the consumers’ while in step with the bundle coupon offering of Groupon. Next, they design a customer-driven marketing strategy by defining their target market and the best possible way to approach and serve their target market. Currently, their target market primarily comprises of youthful, cultured, and literate female clientele, since at present, the products and services they offer comprise mostly of fitness and beauty products and services. To approach their target market, they have come up with the unique and innovative concept of offering coupons (whic h offer a discount) on their website, and this is also their unique selling point and the quality that gives them an edge over competitors. Then with the aid of the marketing mix, the company prepares and integrated marketing plan and program so as to successfully deliver the promised value to its customers. Next comes the most important step in the marketing process, which is building customer relationships, and the company does so by fulfilling its promises and

Globalisations Impact On British American Tobacco Economics Essay

Globalisations Impact On British American Tobacco Economics Essay There are many definitions and understandings of the term globalisation which can be found from many sources. The writers understanding of the term globalisation is that operations all around the world are growing more and more interdependent on goods and services in a way that nationality doesnt serve as a boundary any more. The actual and potential, positive and negative impacts of globalisation can be limitless and are depending on which views are taken and what operation it is applied to. It is easier to limit the amount of data viewed through a PESTLE analysis on the subject company. Multinational enterprises (MNEs) are the entities that are most usually associated with globalisation other than countries. They have a headquarters in one home country but have operations and assets in other countries. These MNEs have to always be very sensitive and sensible when operating or planning to operate in foreign environments. They have to plan and react quickly to adapt to foreign environments and all other factors that might affect productivity and support of foreign operations. Alternatively, other than building new operations which may or may not work in a new environment, MNEs can also acquire successful business models or acquire successful operations if their finances allow them doing so. With businesses come investments. When a MNE invests in a foreign nation or foreign environment, is it called a foreign direct investment (FDI). Most countries are very welcoming to FDIs. It is a help to their economy when a foreign investment comes in. Some countries go to great lengths to improve their infrastructure and support systems as well as other financial attractions such as tax rebates or preferential tax discounts for a certain period of time. This is because FDIs result in not only a boost of currency into their economy, it also implies much jobs made for locals to take up and can mean well improvement for the local community. This can for the short and long term well boost and improve the standard of living for the local communities employed to assist in operations of the MNE. 1.2 Globalisation on British American Tobacco (BAT) BAT as its namesake was formed as a joint venture between Imperial Tobacco of the United Kingdom and American Tobacco of the United States. BAT was an answer to an intense trade war which provided a solution to both founding companies and allowed for more freedom and growth of the tobacco industry by their means (British American Tobacco Our history, 2010). As of such, even the beginning of BAT can be seen an effect of globalisation. It was formed between founding companies of different nationalities and now has operations of production, manufacture and marketing in at least 36 countries (British American Tobacco p.l.c. (BAT) Group websites, et al 2010). Dealing in business with the tobacco industry for around 98 years, BAT has had to be very sensitive and quick to respond to global issues regarding their operation all around the world in many countries. In their effort of attaining their vision which is to achieve leadership of the global tobacco industry, BAT has expanded their operations by building and acquiring successful business models in at least 36 countries (British American Tobacco Our strategy, 2010). The FDI provided by BAT is extensive and very welcome in all these assisting nations. Even though there is a social stigma that tobacco companies are facing controversy such as pollution and being harmful to their users, it is a well known and concrete fact that the tobacco industry is a well rewarding industry for all the players, stake holders and share holders involved. That being said, BAT does not ignore the pleas and demands of local and international non-governmental organisations (NGOs) as well. BAT employs a substantial effort in reducing the inherent risks a cigarette user has to face such as reducing tar in their cigarettes. BAT also has efforts in protecting the environment which will be explained in more detail in later parts of this document. In the following pages will be a PESTLE analysis of BAT facing globalisation and suggestions which could improve their conditions in facing these challenges. 2.0 PESTLE analysis of BAT facing globalisation 2.1 Political analysis of BAT facing globalisation Globally BAT is well known as a MNE which brings many successful tobacco brands into international operation. BAT is not seen as facing any direct political pressure since 1937 when Japan invaded China and caused cigarette sales to cease for more than 4 years. The tobacco industry along with BAT does seem to face some pressure from certain NGOs but that will be explained further in the following segments. 2.2 Economic analysis of BAT facing globalisation BAT as an MNE provides good and services expected of a player in the tobacco industry. BAT rewards their share holders and stake holders very well. The FDI invested by BAT brings employment opportunities and development to most of the countries they invest in. Tobacco is the worlds most widely cultivated non-food crop. Even in countries that do not have tobacco manufacturing, tobacco distribution is an important source of economic activity. Tobacco taxes are a major source of revenue for almost every government in the world (British American Tobacco Tobaccos economic contribution, 2010). 2.3 Socio-cultural analysis of BAT facing globalisation As mentioned before, the tobacco industry along with BAT faces stigma for its products which bring inherent risks to their users. It is obvious that if you burn anything and inhale the smoke you would eventually damage your lungs. Consumers are now growing more aware of this and BAT has responded by efforts to reduce tar and other contaminants in their products. BAT still markets the aroma, flavour, taste and texture of their products along with the image. BAT maintains that it is the user who decides whether or not they want to expose themselves to the risks of smoking cigarettes (British American Tobacco Malaysia Should smokers smoke less or lower tar?, 2010). 2.4 Technological analysis of BAT facing globalisation BAT is also dependent on the state of technology that the country they invest in. The process begins from farming of tobacco crops, to processing of tobacco, to manufacture of tobacco products and eventually delivery of tobacco products. Low tech processes such as farming and curing of tobacco can also lend their techniques to farmers who can apply those techniques to other crops. The manufacture of tobacco is a highly automated and high technology process which involves building factories around the world and securing the best machinery (British American Tobacco Manufacturing, 2010). Delivery of tobacco and tobacco products rely on transport and infrastructure logistics which need cooperation with the government to provide the best infrastructure which will also benefit the citizens of the nation. 2.5 Legal and legislative analysis of BAT facing globalisation BAT is not seen to be a culprit in the eyes of legal and legislative power in any reports. The tobacco industries along with BAT are in fact victims to illicit trade as a result of high priced cigarettes due to high taxes imposed on tobacco products all over the world. Illicit trade could expose users to more risks as counterfeit products can not guarantee the high standard and qualities that BAT maintains. There are also links that illicit trade could fund other more sinister illegal activities (Tobacco Underground | Articles, 2010). BAT is also interested in battling child labour and working with the United Nations (UN) in countries where human rights are abused such as MÃ ©xico and Brazil (British American Tobacco Eliminating Child Labour in Tobacco Growing Foundation, 2010). 2.6 Environmental analysis of BAT facing globalisation Tobacco products are results of the tobacco crops and that is why BAT has placed high emphasis on renewable productivity and enhancing use of natural resources. BAT has efforts in ecosystem and biodiversity protection (British American Tobacco Biodiversity Partnership, 2010), protection of woodlands and renewal of firewood through afforestation programmes (British American Tobacco Afforestation programmes, 2010). BAT aims to be self sufficient in its operations so that they dont add burden to the damaged environment. 3.0 Illicit trade of tobacco products The international tobacco industries along with BAT are facing a loss and a threat from the growing scourge of illicit trade. Illicit trade includes contraband, counterfeit and smuggled tobacco products. The reason for this on going phenomenon is because of the ever increasing price of cigarettes. Smuggled tobacco products are the least harmful of the illicit trade. Usually they are smuggled from areas where taxes are non existent or significantly lower than the targeted areas of sales. This eats into the profits of BAT and affects profits of shareholders, stakeholders and governments in the form of lost taxes. Contraband is similar so smuggled products but it might be more damaging than smuggled items are the sources of contraband could be from theft, hijacking of delivery trucks, breaking and entering of shipment crates and other violent and damaging methods (Tobacco Underground | Articles, 2010). Counterfeit could be the most dangerous form of illicit trade to the user. The user is attracted to illicit trade as prices of counterfeit are far more affordable than authentic tobacco products. What the user does not suspect is that the counterfeit product does not hold the high standards and quality of BAT and could cause more risks and damage to the users health and overall wellbeing. The losses from illicit trade not only cause losses to BAT and their accompanying share holder and stake holders. It also undermines the abilities of BAT to return the profits to the government in the form of taxes. Purchasers of illicit tobacco items could also be shocked to know that they could be indirectly financing terrorist activities of violent terrorists such as al-Qaeda and the Real Irish Republican Army (IRA) (Tobacco Underground | Articles Terrorism and Tobacco, 2009). 3.1 Recommendations on the struggle against illicit trade They consumers are the people supporting illicit trade. There should be more education programmes and campaigning that could be done to educate the public against the ills of illicit trade. The buyers might stop if they know the illicit products they purchase are possibly linked to violence, abuse, and terrorism. They might also switch back to original tobacco products if they learn that counterfeit tobacco producers do not carry out as much research and development work and ensure a high quality and standard which aims to satisfy user demands and reduce the inherent risks of smoking. It is high time that the governments of countries worldwide realise that illicit trade in tobacco causes all the above damages and on top of that also reduces the tax money that the governments could potentially be paid. It is partly due to the governments high taxes on tobacco products that illicit trade occurs. The funds collected from taxes on legitimate tobacco product sales can be put to good use such as the wide and varying governmental functions. The government should further act on its part by enforcing laws against illicit trade. There are in existence laws and policies against illicit trade but they are simply not enforced to an acceptable level which can decrease the rate of illicit trade. 4.0 BATs damage to mankind and its environment BAT is with the rest of the tobacco industry is an industry which grows and profits from burning plants which produce pollutants and risk damaging the user and the people around the user. The environment is also affected through a means of mass miniscule repetitive non systematic open burning. As a means of providing primitive fertilisers, untrained, unprofessional and inexperienced farmers burn wood harvested from woodlands. This is the first instance of burning. When crops are harvested, there is a process called curing which is sometimes accelerated through means of inefficient burning which helps dry the tobacco leaves in a shorter time. This is the second instance of burning. When the crops are cured, they are transported by land, sea or air to the factories to be made into cigarettes or other forms of tobacco products. Indirectly, the burning of fuels by the land, sea or air transport is the third instance of burning. When the tobacco reaches the factories, the tobacco is put into various automated processes which will eventually turn the cured tobacco into cigarettes or other forms of tobacco products. Indirectly, by the use of power needed move the machinery in the factories, there are carbon fuels being used by power generators. This is the fourth instance of burning. Then there is another instance of burning by transport of the finished tobacco product from the factory to the storage facilities or warehouses and another instance when transporting the said tobacco products to the retailers. Finally when the consumer purchases and starts to light and inhale the cigarette smoke, this is assumed to be the seventh and last stage of burning. Burning is not the only pollution. There is a chance of littering which the tobacco product user might contribute to. Throughout the production process, there are also chances that those involved in the production process are also smoking cigarettes themselves. From this simple short journey, we can see at least seven stages of burning and carbon emissions being released. It is wishful thinking to say that BAT is unaware of this but wishes to contribute to environmental efforts. 4.1 Recommendations on BATs environmental efforts Carbon emissions are only one of BATs environmental damage which it can help address. Through thorough research and development (RD), BAT has managed to discover certain techniques which help in irrigation of pesticides and fertilisers which can improve efficiency and effectiveness in farming of tobacco crops. There are also plans in the future to genetically modify (GM) tobacco crops to be hardier, more resistant to pests and infections and produce more yield per crop and yield sooner than traditional non GM tobacco crops (British American Tobacco Leaf research, 2010). BAT also invests time in properly training their farmers so that they can receive the best results with the shortest amount of time. Farmers are given practical training on optimal farming techniques which the farmers can then apply on other crops as well (British American Tobacco Social Responsibility in Tobacco Production, 2010). BAT encourages their farmers to plant their own renewable sources of wood for fuel in countries where wood is used as fuel. It is generally to offset carbon emissions by planting more greens. This is attributed to the effect of plants absorbing carbon dioxide as they grow (British American Tobacco Afforestation programmes, 2010). 5.0 Conclusion In conclusion, although BAT is a highly successful MNE which produces much monetary profit for their share holders, stake holders and foreign invested governments; BAT still has reasons to improve and be a more productive entity. In dealing with the scourge of illicit trade, they have to be more proactive and cooperate with governments of the world to engage and discourage tobacco product users from supporting illicit trade. If illicit trade is eliminated, more of the funds from purchases of legitimate tobacco products would flow back into the legitimate tobacco companies and the governments that they pay their taxes to. In dealing well with the environment, BAT is doing well but still can improve on conservational and preservation efforts. With more RD, BAT should be able to uncover more ways to reduce environmental damage throughout their operations and also seeks ways to harness the use of natural resources more efficiently. In doing so, BAT can secure the environment as a renewable resource which can be better utilised in the future.